Django建站历程：（七）添加用户签名字段

        前几篇文章已经把用户系统的基本功能差不多实现了，这篇文章记录下如何扩展用户model实现添加用户签名字段。

1、创建用户APP并添加到全局settings.py

root@jerryls-site1:/home/mysite/apps# django-admin startapp myauth

2、修改用户model

修改myauth文件夹中的model.py文件如下：

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser

# Create your models here.

class Myuser(AbstractUser):
    # 添加个性签名字段
    signature = models.CharField(max_length=50, blank=True, null=True, verbose_name="签名")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.username

修改完成后我们同步数据库，会报错：

auth.User.groups: (fields.E304) Reverse accessor for 'User.groups' clashes with reverse accessor for 'Myuser.groups'.
	HINT: Add or change a related_name argument to the definition for 'User.groups' or 'Myuser.groups'.
auth.User.user_permissions: (fields.E304) Reverse accessor for 'User.user_permissions' clashes with reverse accessor for 'Myuser.user_permissions'.
	HINT: Add or change a related_name argument to the definition for 'User.user_permissions' or 'Myuser.user_permissions'.
myauth.Myuser.groups: (fields.E304) Reverse accessor for 'Myuser.groups' clashes with reverse accessor for 'User.groups'.
	HINT: Add or change a related_name argument to the definition for 'Myuser.groups' or 'User.groups'.
myauth.Myuser.user_permissions: (fields.E304) Reverse accessor for 'Myuser.user_permissions' clashes with reverse accessor for 'User.user_permissions'.
	HINT: Add or change a related_name argument to the definition for 'Myuser.user_permissions' or 'User.user_permissions'.

此时，我们需要在全局settings.py下重载我们的“AUTH_USER_MODEL”：

# 重载auth_model
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'myauth.Myuser'

其中myauth是我们app的名字，Myuser是我们的model。

有时候，还会遇到下面的错误：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./manage.py", line 15, in <module>
    execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 381, in execute_from_command_line
    utility.execute()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 375, in execute
    self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 316, in run_from_argv
    self.execute(*args, **cmd_options)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 353, in execute
    output = self.handle(*args, **options)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 83, in wrapped
    res = handle_func(*args, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/django/core/management/commands/makemigrations.py", line 103, in handle
    loader.check_consistent_history(connection)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/django/db/migrations/loader.py", line 297, in check_consistent_history
    connection.alias,
django.db.migrations.exceptions.InconsistentMigrationHistory: Migration account.0001_initial is applied before its dependency myauth.0001_initial on database 'default'.

此时，删掉全局下的db.sqlite3数据库文件重新同步就可以了。

root@jerryls-site1:/home/mysite# rm db.sqlite3 
root@jerryls-site1:/home/mysite# ./manage.py makemigrations
root@jerryls-site1:/home/mysite# ./manage.py migrate

3、创建forms.py文件

在myauth文件夹下创建forms.py文件，添加如下代码：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from django import forms
from .models import Myuser

class ProfileForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Myuser
        fields = ['signature'] #只显示model中指定的字段

4、创建user_profile.html文件

     我们需要创建一个user_profile.html文件来显示用户的用户名、邮箱、以及个性签名。同样按照之前的目录创建规则，放在myauth/templates/myauth目录下。代码如下:

{% extends "blog/base.html" %}

{% load static %}

{% block base_content %}

<style>
.col-center-block {
        float: none;
        display: block;
        margin: 0 auto;
        /* margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; */
}
</style>

<div class="container">
    <div class="row">
         <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4 col-center-block">
             <ul class="list-group">
                 <li class="list-group-item" style="border:0px">
                     <h4><span>用户名：</span><span>{{user.username}}</span> </h4>
                 </li>
                 <li class="list-group-item" style="border:0px">
                     <h4><span>邮&emsp;箱：</span><span>{{user.email}}</span> </h4>
                 </li>
                 <li class="list-group-item" style="border:0px">
                     <h4><span>签&emsp;名：</span>{{user.signature}}</h4>
                 </li>
             
                 <a class="pull-right btn btn-primary" style="margin-right: 20px" href="{% url 'account_change_password' %}">修改密码</a>
             </ul>
         </div>
    </div>
</div>

{% endblock %}

在这里我顺便加了个修改密码的链接“{% url 'account_change_password' %}”，这些语法很简单，不多BB。

5、添加view视图

修改myauth文件夹下的view.py代码如下，作用就是返回用户资料的html页面：

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required

# Create your views here.

#需要登陆才可以
@login_required
def profile_view(request):
    return render(request,'myauth/user_profile.html')

6、添加路由

路由添加由于新建了一个APP，我们需要添加两处路由：

1）myauth下添加urls.py文件，代码如下：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from .views import profile_view,update_profile_view
from django.urls import path

app_name = '[myauth]'

urlpatterns = [
    path('profile/', profile_view,name='profile_url'),

]

2）全局路由下添加整个myauth APP的路由：

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from django.conf.urls import include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('accounts/', include('allauth.urls')),
    path('accounts/', include('myauth.urls', namespace = 'myauth')),
    path('', include('blog.urls', namespace = 'blog')),

]

此时运行博客，登陆成功后，访问/accounts/profile则会显示用户信息。

为了方便，我把它加到导航栏右上角下拉列表里。

<ul class="dropdown-menu">
    <li><a href="{% url 'myauth:profile_url' %}">个人中心</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">下拉2</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">下拉3</a></li>
    <li role="separator" class="divider"></li>
    <li><a href="{% url 'account_logout' %}">退出</a></li>
</ul>

最终效果如下：

此处我们没有填写签名字段，所以显示None。接下来我们继续添加一个页面，用于修改签名。

步骤与上面类似，流程基本是：新建模板文件 --> 添加view --> 修改路由 --> 起飞！

7、添加update_profile.html文件

添加update_profile.html模板文件，代码如下：

{% extends "blog/base.html" %}

{% load static %}

{% block base_content %}

<style>
.col-center-block {
        float: none;
        display: block;
        margin: 0 auto;
        /* margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; */
}
</style>

<div class="container">
    <div class="row">
         <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4 col-center-block">
             <form class="update_profile", method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data" action="{% url 'myauth:update_profile_url' %}">
               {% csrf_token %}
               {{ form.as_p }}
               <button class="pull-right btn btn-primary" type="submit">确认更新</button>
             </form>
         </div>
    </div>
</div>

一个form表单，post方法，用来将我们填写的个性签名传入view视图处理。

8、添加view视图

对前端post方法传来的数据，我们需要进行表单校验，并保存至数据库。myauth下的views.py 添加代码如下：

from django.shortcuts import render,redirect
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from .forms import ProfileForm

# Create your views here.

#需要登陆才可以
@login_required
def update_profile_view(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        # request.FILES  for upload files
        form = ProfileForm(request.POST,request.FILES,instance=request.user)
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            return redirect('myauth:profile_url')
    else:
        # POST
        form = ProfileForm(instance = request.user)
    return render(request,'myauth/update_profile.html',context={'form':form})

9、添加路由

将资料更新界面添加路由，并在个人资料的界面添加一个按钮用来跳转：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from .views import profile_view,update_profile_view
from django.urls import path

app_name = '[myauth]'

urlpatterns = [
    path('profile/', profile_view,name='profile_url'),
    path('profile/update', update_profile_view,name='update_profile_url'),

]

<a class="pull-right btn btn-primary" style="margin-right: 20px" href="{% url 'myauth:update_profile_url' %}">修改资料</a>

最终实现界面如下：

        以上流程就是添加一个字段的简单举例，其他字段类似添加。今晚先写这些吧，改天再记录下关于用户头像的自定义上传。写着写着，博主发现之前很多东西都快忘记了，真的是好记性不如烂笔头，哦，不对！是烂键盘~